Jeholopterus was a small anurognathid pterosaur from the Daohugou Beds of northeastern China (of uncertain age, probably Middle or Late Jurassic or even early cretaceous), between 168 and 152 million years ago), preserved with hair and skin remains.
Naming[]
The genus was named in 2002 by Wang Xiaolin, Zhou Zhonghe and Xu Xing. The type species, the only known, is Jeholopterus ninchengensis. The genus name is derived from its place of discovery, Jehol in China, and a Latinised Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name refers to Nincheng County.
Description[]
Artist's impression
The type species is based on holotype IVPP V12705, a nearly complete specimen from the Daohugou beds of Ningcheng County in the Neimongol (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region of China.[2] The specimen is crushed into a slab and counterslab pair, so that parts of the specimen are preserved on one side of a split stone and some on the other. This includes exquisite preservation of carbonized skin fibers and, arguably, "hair" or "protofeathers." The fibers are preserved around the body of the specimen in a "halo." Wing tissue is preserved, though its extent is debatable, including the exact points of attachment to the legs (or if it is attached to the legs at all). In 2009 Alexander Kellner published a study reporting the presence of three layers of fibers in the wing, allowing the animal to precisely adapt the wing profile.
Variation in anurognathid jaw shape, notice Jeholopterus (C)
As an anurognathid, Jeholopterus shows the skull form typical for this group, being wider than it was long (28 mm), with a very broad mouth. Most teeth are small and peg-like, but some are longer and recurved. The neck was short with seven or eight cervical vertebrae. Twelve or thirteen dorsal vertebrae are present and three sacrals. There are five pairs of belly ribs. The tail vertebrae have not been preserved. The describers argue that Jeholopterus had a short tail, a feature seen in other anurognathids but unusual for "rhamphorhynchoid" (i.e. basal) pterosaurs that typically have a long tail. Wang et al. cited the presence of a fringe of hair in the region of the tail to infer the presence of a short tail. However, a subsequent study by Dalla Vecchia argued that gleaning any information about the tail is impossible, given that the tail is "totally absent" in the fossil.
The wing bones are robust. The metacarpals are very short. A short pteroid, supporting a propatagium, is pointing towards the body. The hand claws are long and curved. The wings of Jeholopterus show evidence that they attached to the ankle, according to Wang et al.. They are relatively elongated with a wingspan of ninety centimetres.
The legs are short but robust. The toes bear well-developed curved claws, but these are not as long as the hand claws. The fifth toe is elongated, according to the authors supporting a membrane between the legs, the uropatagium.
Phylogeny[]
Jeholopterus was assigned by the authors to the family Anurognathidae. In 2003 a cladistic analysis by Kellner found it to be a member, along with Dendrorhynchoides and Batrachognathus , of a clade of anurognathids called Asiaticognathidae. An analysis by Lü Junchang in 2006 determined its position as the sister taxon of Batrachognathus .
Lifestyle[]
Anurognathids are usually considered insectivorous. Wang et al. hypothesized that Jeholopterus , being the largest known species of the group, might also have been a piscivorous animal.
Paleoecology[]
Found in Tiaojishan Formation in China, Jeholopterus lived in the forests of Daohugou, where the climate was warm and humid, with a rich variety of flora and fauna. Although most anurognathids fed primarily on insects, Jeholoptertus' relatively large size has led researchers to believe it may also have been a piscivore, using its small, sharp teeth to dart into the water and grab fish swimming near the surface. There, Jeholopterus lived alongside arboreal theropods like Yi qi and Scansoriopteryx, pterosaurs like Sinomacrops from the same family, as well as cynodonts and prehistoric salamanders.
Appearance in other media[]
Jurassic Park[]
- Jeholopterus makes its first video game appearance in Jurassic World Evolution 2 via the Feathered Species Pack released on March 30th, 2023. It is depicted with small tufts of feathers above its eyes, and very colorful wings. The overall anatomy is pretty accurate.
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