Proceratosaurus ("before Ceratosaurus") is a genus of small-sized (9.8 feet long) theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic. It is a tyrannosauroid that fed on insects, lizards, mammals, and frogs. It lived in England. It has a small, pointed crest on its snout that looks similar to that of Ceratosaurus.
Despite its size, Proceratosaurus was a fast and deadly carnivore. It was originally thought to be an ancestor of Ceratosaurus, due to the similar small crest on its snout.[1] Now, however, it is considered a tyrannosauroid, one of the earliest known. Its closet relatives are Chinese Guanlong and Russian Kileskus. It is almost impossible to believe that Proceratosaurus would evolve into giant, 45-foot long predators like Tyrannosaurus or Tarbosaurus. Proceratosaurus itself would go on to create the giant cretaceous carnivores like Daspletosaurus, Alioramus, Yutyrannus, Gorgosaurus, and the fabled Tyrannosaurus.
History of discovery[]
1910 lithograph of the holotype skull and close ups of its teeth and hyoid
In 1910, the British palaeotnologist Arthur Smith Woodward reported a partial theropod skull discovered some time prior by F. Lewis Bradley during excavation for a reservoir at Minchinhampton, a town in the Cotswolds in Gloucestershire, England. Bradley had prepared the skull so that the left side was exposed, and submitted it to the Geological Society of London, which is currently housed at the Natural History Museum catalogued as specimen NHM R 4860. The upper part of the skull missing due to a fissure that had eroded the rock, and was partially filled with calcite. Woodward made the skull the holotype specimen of a new species of Megalosaurus (a genus named in 1824), M. bradleyi, in honour of its discoverer. At the time it was discovered, it was one of the most complete theropod skulls known from Europe, possibly with the exception of the crushed and hard to interpret skulls of Compsognathus and Archaeopteryx.
In 1923, the German palaeontologist Friedrich von Huene moved the species to the new genus Proceratosaurus, assuming it was the ancestor of the Jurassic genus Ceratosaurus, but since the name was only used in a schematic, the name has been considered a nomen nudum, an invalidly published name. He validated the name three years later in two 1926 articles by providing a diagnosis of the genus. While remaining one of the best preserved theropod skulls in Europe, and globally one of the best preserved Middle Jurassic theropod skulls, it since received little scientific attention, mainly being mentioned in studies about general aspects of theropod anatomy and evolution. The holotype skull was since CT scanned at the University of Texas, further mechanically prepared to reveal additional details of the skull, jaw, and teeth, and was re-described by the German palaeontologist Oliver W. M. Rauhut and colleagues in 2010.
Classification[]
Mount with hypothetical crest-shape and postcranial skeleton, Worcester Museum
Arthur Smith Woodward, who initially studied Proceratosaurus, placed it as a species of Megalosaurus, due to same number of premaxillary teeth (4). Later study during the 1930s by Friedrich von Huene suggested a closer relationship with Ceratosaurus, and Huene thought both dinosaurs represented members of the group Coelurosauria.
It was not until the late 1980s, after Ceratosaurus had been shown to be a much more primitive theropod and not a coelurosaur, that the classification of Proceratosaurus was again re-examined. Gregory S. Paul suggested that it was a close relative of Ornitholestes, again mainly due to the crest on the nose (though the idea that Ornitholestes bore a nasal crest was later disproved). Paul considered both Proceratosaurus and Ornitholestes to be neither ceratosaurs nor coelurosaurs, but instead primitive allosauroids. Furthermore, Paul considered the much larger dinosaur Piveteausaurus to be the same genus as Proceratosaurus, making Piveteausaurus a junior synonym. However, no overlapping bones between the two had yet been exposed from the rock around their fossils, and future study showed that they were indeed distinct.
Several phylogenetic studies in the early 21st century finally found Proceratosaurus (as well as Ornitholestes) to be a coelurosaur, only distantly related to the ceratosaurids and allosauroids, though one opinion published in 2000 considered Proceratosaurus a ceratosaurid without presenting supporting evidence. Phylogenetic analyses by Thomas R. Holtz Jr. in 2004 also placed Proceratosaurus among the coelurosaurs, though with only weak support, and again found an (also weakly supported) close relationship with Ornitholestes.
The first major re-evaluation of Proceratosaurus and its relationships was published in 2010 by Oliver Rauhut and colleagues. Their study concluded that Proceratosaurus was in fact a coelurosaur, and moreover a tyrannosauroid, a member of the lineage leading to the giant tyrannosaurs of the Late Cretaceous. Furthermore, they found that Proceratosaurus was most closely related to the Chinese tyrannosauroid Guanlong. They named the clade containing these two dinosaurs the Proceratosauridae, defined as all theropods closer to Proceratosaurus than to Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus, Compsognathus, Coelurus, Ornithomimus, or Deinonychus.
Below is a cladogram by Loewen et al. in 2013.
Skull seen from the left
Skull diagram showing known material in white, with skull reconstructed after close relative Guanlong
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Paleobiology[]
Life restoration showing hypothetical complete crest-shape, similar to that of the related Guanlong
Proceratosaurus possessed a nasal crest, which may have served as a display organ but also possibly served to reduce bending stresses on the skull when biting. This may indicate Proceratosaurus used a puncture-pull strategy for hunting prey. However, Proceratosaurus was likely not a big game hunter, lacking the bone-crushing teeth and extremely powerful bites of the tyrannosaurids. Instead, it possessed an elongate skull, commonly found in basal coelurosaurs and basal tyrannosauroids. It lived alongside other theropods, including Megalosaurus and Eustreptospondylus, sauropods, such as Cetiosaurus, stegosaurs, like Lexovisaurus, and ornithopods, like Callovosaurus and Camptosaurus.
Paleoecology[]
Proceratosaurus itself is currently the oldest known tyrannosaur. Not much is currently known about it or its ecology, as no other dinosaur fossils have been found in Minchinhampton. Therefore, information about Proceratosaurus is limited, as only one partial specimen has ever been found. However, research has shown that it lived along the south coast of England around 167 to 164 million years ago during the Middle Jurassic period. Other dinosaurs shared Proceratosaurus' habitat, including Metriacanthosaurus. Little is also known about Proceratosaurus' natural environment, but it likely contained a mix of floodplain and woodland.
Appearance in other media[]
Jurassic Park[]
- In Jurassic Park (film), Proceratosaurus can be seen to the far right of the embryo storage chamber next to Gallimimus.
- Proceratosaurus first appeared in the video game Jurassic World: Evolution, as a smaller sized carnivore, in the carnivore pack update.
- Proceratosaurus appears in Jurassic World: Alive as a feathered, epic rarity creature.
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Read more Proceratosaurus on Jurassic Park Wiki |
References[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceratosaurus
- ↑ Template:Cite book